Wire and cable are indispensable materials for the transmission of power energy, and is widely used in economic production, once the cable fails, it will not only threaten the safe and stable operation of the power grid, but also cause significant economic losses to families and society.

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Cable, in electrical and electronic systems, a conductor or group of conductors for transmitting electric power or telecommunication signals from one place to another. Electric communication cables transmit voice messages, computer data, and visual images via electrical signals to telephones, wired radios, computers, teleprinters, facsimile machines, and televisions. There is no clear distinction between an electric wire and an electric cable.

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A LAN cable, or Ethernet cable, is a physical cable that connects devices to a local area network (LAN). LAN cables usually connect computers, printers, routers, and other network devices. They are also used to connect gaming consoles and other devices that require a wired connection. LAN cables are made up of four pairs of copper wires twisted together to reduce interference from other electronic devices. The ends of the Lan Cable are terminated with RJ-45 connectors, which connect the cable to network devices.

Risk of cable damage: Fiber optic cables are delicate and vulnerable to excessive pulling forces. Improper pulling techniques can cause stress on the cable, leading to signal loss or even breakage.Reduced network performance: Cable damage or improper installation can result in signal degradation, affecting the overall network performance.Increased installation time and costs: If the cable gets damaged during the installation, it will require additional time and resources to repair or replace, leading to increased costs and delays in project completion.

When you walk on the street, have you noticed at the fiber cables hanging on the poles overhead? These cables are commonly called as aerial fiber cables, which are widely used for outside plant (OSP) installation on poles. Aerial fiber cables are designed to accommodate the severe environment preventing the destruction of the nature and man-made damage or theft. There are also different types of aerial fiber optic cables. This article will describe the common installation ways and things to notice during installation.

Fiber optic aerial cables are used in telecommunication networks that are installed on poles, towers, or other structures above the ground. Aerial fiber optic networks are designed to provide high-speed internet, television, and telephone services to homes and businesses. These are often used in rural or suburban areas where it is impractical or too expensive to bury cables underground. They are also commonly used in urban areas where there are already existing poles and infrastructure to support the installation of these networks.

Aerial fiber optic cable is a type of fiber optic cables that is usually used for outside installation on poles. Due to its installation environment, the design of aerial fiber optic cable must consider to protect it from the destruction of the nature and man-made damage or theft. Aerial cable's laying method is not hard to implement as it can utilize the existing overhead pole line to install that saves more in construction costs and shortens the construction period. Aerial cables are mainly used for secondary trunk level and below and usually applied to flat terrain or low fluctuation area. They are easily affected by the natural disasters, such as typhoons, ice, floods etc. as well as the influence of an outside force and the mechanical strength weakening in themselves. Therefore, the failure rate of aerial fiber optic cables are higher than the pipeline or directly buried fiber optic cables.

Aerial optical cable is suspended in the air from poles and/or support structures. Most often it is supported between poles by being lashed to a wire rope messenger strand with a small gauge wire.The strand is tensioned to satisfactorily withstand the weight of the cable for the span length it will be used on plus any climatic loading such as ice, snow, and wind.

As technology and internet usage advance, so does the way we transmit data. Fiber optic cables are now the gold standard for sending information quickly and securely. While many communities have opted to use aerial fiber optic cables, running fiber optic cables underground has its own set of pros and cons, the most widely argued is centered on the cost of underground implementation. With a new era of legislation and public grant funding aimed at bridging the digital divide across Washington and America, this topic merits revisiting.

Rubber cable is the use of rubber as the insulation material of the cable, which can withstand a higher load, in the power system, machinery, steel, and other fields widely used.

Rubber has been used as cable insulation and sheathing material long before other insulation such as PVC and PE can to be commonly applied. It remains widely used across domestic and industrial applications.

XLPE or Cross-linked polyethylene is a thermoset insulation material. Crosslinking polymers is a process which changes the molecular structure of the polymer chains so that they are more tightly bound together and this crosslinking is done either by chemical means or physical means. Chemical crosslinking involves the addition of chemicals or initiators such as silane or peroxide to generate free radicals which form the crosslinking. Physical crosslinking involves subjecting the polymer to a high energy source such as high-energy electron or microwave radiation.Polyethylene (PE) material itself has excellent dielectric strength, high insulation resistance, and a low dissipation factor at all frequencies making it an ideal insulator, however it is limited in its temperature range. Cross-linking the PE to become XLPE increases the temperature range of the insulation whilst maintaining the electrical properties.

The conductor of the cable can be copper or aluminum and aluminum alloy.The number of cores can be single core, two core, three core, four core (including four core cross-sections and "Three big and one small" type with a small cross-section neutral core), five core (including five-core cross-sections，"Three big and two small" type with two small-section neutral wire cores，"Four big and one small" type with a small cross-section ground core).

XLPE cable is made suitable for high voltage and extra high voltage application puto 132 kV. This cable can be used for long cable routes in high voltage transmission where the dielectric losses play a major role. This cable can easily be hadled due to lighter in weight than any other high voltage cable. As there is no case of oil migration from insulation it can be installed for inclined or vertical runs without any hesitation. XLPE insulation is highly resistant to moisture for which no special precaution is needed at the time of jointing & termination. The joining of XLPE cable needs less time than that of any other conventional cable of similar grade. These cables can safely be used on any vibrating layouts like bridges. These cable have the better resistance to salinity of water in the ground, chemicals, oils and corrosive furnes. These are free from fire risk. These cables are not prone to failure due to ageing characteristics and have longer life.

Polyethylene insulation is sold in a wide variety of electrically nonconductive forms. A -65°C to +80°C temperature resistance feature also earns PE insulation a place in harsh application settings, places that would freeze or cook a lesser sheathing type. Wires insulated with a polyethylene coating are abrasion-resistant and rigid. That rigidity factor can make the sheathing inflexible, which is why it’s often infused with special fillers and additives.

XLPE or Cross-linked polyethylene is a thermoset insulation material. Crosslinking polymers is a process which changes the molecular structure of the polymer chains so that they are more tightly bound together and this crosslinking is done either by chemical means or physical means. Chemical crosslinking involves the addition of chemicals or initiators such as silane or peroxide to generate free radicals which form the crosslinking. Physical crosslinking involves subjecting the polymer to a high energy source such as high-energy electron or microwave radiation.

XLPE insulation is made from cross-linked polyethylene, a material known for its high electrical resistance and dielectric strength. This type of insulation is used in various applications, including cable insulation, electrical equipment insulation, and pipe insulation.

In case of multicore cables cores are laid together with suitable filler in the interstices and wrapped with PVC tapes or extruded PVC. For mechanical protection non magnetic aluminium wire/ strip/tape armour for single core cables and steel wire armour for multicore cables are provided over the inner sheath. A layer of PVC/PE is extruded as outer sheath usually in back colour to prevent ingress of moisture. The space feature of the XLPE insulation is that long molecular chains of polyethylene are cross linked to each other by means of a process similar to vulcanisation of rubber and thus forming a three dimensional network structure with strong bond. Pure polyethylene is a thermoplastic material i.e. it becomes soft and plastic on heating and hard on cooling.